12/24/2023 0 Comments Surface heat fluxThe rest of the components of the climate system have relevant roles in the Earth's heat inventory, despite their small contribution to storage ( Levitus et al., 2005 Church et al., 2011 Hansen et al., 2011 von Schuckmann et al., 2016). Therefore, extensive resources are devoted to monitoring and understanding the evolution of the ocean heat content, since it is also an indirect method to study the magnitude and variations of the energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere that contributes to sea level rise ( Palmer et al., 2011 Palmer and McNeall, 2014 Johnson et al., 2016 Riser et al., 2016 von Schuckmann et al., 2016 Oppenheimer et al., 2021). The vast majority of excess heat due to the Earth's energy imbalance is stored in the ocean (84 %–93 %), followed by the cryosphere (4 %–7 %) and the continental subsurface (2 %–5 %), with the atmosphere showing less heat storage term (1 %–4 %) ( Levitus et al., 2005 Church et al., 2011). The hemispheric distribution of heat uptake, heat storage, and heat transport is expected to change under different emission scenarios ( Irving et al., 2019), meaning that characterizing where the heat enters the system (uptake), where the heat is allocated (storage), and where the heat is redistributed (transport) is of critical importance to understand the evolution of climate change. Hence, a cross-equatorial northward transport of heat emerges to compensate for this asymmetry ( Lembo et al., 2019), in addition to the global meridional heat transport caused by the different radiation levels reaching the tropical and polar oceans ( Trenberth et al., 2019). This asymmetry causes an increase in the heat uptake by the ocean surface in the Southern Hemisphere in comparison with the ocean heat uptake in the Northern Hemisphere. Nonetheless, the energy imbalance presents an interhemispheric asymmetry that is larger in the Southern Hemisphere ( Loeb et al., 2016 Irving et al., 2019). Half of the heat gain by the continental subsurface since 1960 has occurred in the last 20 years.Ĭlimate change is a consequence of the current radiative imbalance at the top of the atmosphere, which delivers an excess amount of energy to the Earth's system in comparison with preindustrial conditions ( Hansen et al., 2011 Stephens et al., 2012 Lembo et al., 2019). Results reveal markedly higher changes in ground heat flux and heat storage within the continental subsurface than previously reported, with land temperature changes of 1 K and continental heat gains of around 12 ZJ during the last part of the 20th century relative to preindustrial times. Here, we provide new global estimates of changes in ground surface temperature, ground surface heat flux, and continental heat storage derived from geothermal data using an expanded database and new techniques. Thus, ascertaining the magnitude of and change in the Earth's energy partition within climate subsystems has become urgent in recent years. Energy exchanges among climate subsystems are of critical importance to determine the climate sensitivity of the Earth's system to greenhouse gases, to quantify the magnitude and evolution of the Earth's energy imbalance, and to project the evolution of future climate.
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